Thankfully, I guess, we haven't had to use time outs with DD until now. The other day she spit at the dinner table and when she kept doing it after being told not to she went to time out (fwiw, she wasn't actually spitting anything out, just making the gesture). It is something we probably used to ignore and not react to but now that she's older she needs to know that's not appropriate. There was one other occasion this week too. But she sits there and growls. And when I go to get her when it's over she growls at me and puts her fists up (doesn't hit or anything). And I explain to her why she's in time out and ask her to say sorry but she won't. Do I just keep her in TO until she calms down and apologizes? Or do I let her out and hope she gets it next time?
Also, DH thinks we have to give her a chance to correct her behaviour before putting her in time out. I told him, with the spitting incident, we did give her a chance - told her three times not to spit. I guess he means we should tell her what the consequences will be (like, threaten time out). I don't think that's helpful. Do you threaten time out or do you just do it?

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Re: Aggression during time-outs
DD hit me the other day and went immediately to time out, no warning. I told her it was time to put toys away and get ready for bed (after having told her a few times that she only had 10 more minutes, 5 more minutes, etc.) and I picked something up and put it back on the shelf, as she was screaming no, no, no, no, no! When I turned around she yelled "no, mommy!" and swung at me. I kneeled down grabbed her fists and held them in between us and said "No. You do not hit. Time out for one minute." and I picked her up and sat her on the ottoman at the end of the living room, then walked to the doorway so I could see the kitchen clock. She just sat there and cried for the minute. Like, pathetic cried, not aggressive or mad. When the minute was up, I asked her to apologize and explained why she is not to hit anyone, ever. Then we went to get ready for bed without any more drama.
My TO policy is to say "you do that again, you are getting a timeout" for a quick action (like spitting or throwing food). If he's doing something that would take him time to stop doing (like getting down off a chair he pulled over to the counter), and he hasn't gotten down after I've asked 2 or 3 times, then I say," do you want a timeout? if you don't get down by the time I count to 3, it's a timeout." Then I count to 3. He usually waits until I'm at 3 to get down, but he 95% of the time stops and obeys. However, if he's doing something totally unacceptable, like he purposely hit me, or one of his sisters, or kicked the cat, then it's an immediate TO with no warnings.
So I do a combo, but it's dependent on the situation. Except for the extreme cases where he's causing someone pain on purpose, I give him a chance to correct himself. If he does, he gets praise for "making a good decision."
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Since our LO is closer to two instead of three one of us usually stays near him during time outs and explain why what he was doing was not correct.
We do make him at least hug the person when he gets too rough and was told to play nicer.